chapter 4

Chapter 4

1.     Expressing regets and apologis

Regreeting and apologizing	Accepting apologies
I’m sorry. I don’t know	That’s all right
I’m terribly sorry. I forget	Never mind
I’m so sorry	That’s okay
I’m really sorry	Please don’t worry
I’m sorry to hear about that	It doesn’t matter at all
Oh, please excuse me
Oh, that’s too had

2.   Expressing sympathy

Ø  I’ sorry to hear about that Ø  Oh, that’s too bad Ø  What a same Ø  That’s a same Ø  That’s a pity Ø  How terribbe Ø  What a nuisanc

3.  Expressions of asking and responding to permissions

Asking permissions	Giving permissions	Declining
May I borrow your pen please ?	Yes please do	I’m sorry you can’t
Can I use your phone, please ?	Sure	Oh, I’m sorry , but that’s not possible
Will you join with us ?	Okay	I’m afraid, but you can’t
Could you lend me some money ?	All right	No, please don’t
Would you open the door please ?	Of course
Is it okay if I sit here ?	Please feel free
Do you mind if I smoke ?
Would you mind if I asked you something ?

4.  Expressions of making and responding to request

Making request	Responding
Can you show me your photo album, please ?	Sure here you are
Wiil you lend me your computer , please /	Okay
Could you possibly show me the way to the bookstore, please ?	No, I’m sorry I need it
Would you help me whit this homework, please ?	I’m afraid I can’t
Would you mind lending me your memory card, please ?

5.   Expressions of making and responding to offers

Making offers	accepting	Declining
Can I help you ?	Yes please, I’d like to	It’s OK, I can do it my self
Shall I turn on the lamp for you ?	That would be very kind if you	Don’t worry, I’ll do it
Would you like another cup of the hot chocolate ?	Yes, please that would be lovely.	No, thank
Would you like me to clean board ?	Yes please, I’d love to	No, thank you
How about a soft drink	If you wouldn’t mind
	If you could
	Thank you , that would be great

6.  Modals

Modals ( also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries ) are special verbs  which behave irregularly in English . they are used to express speakers’ attitudes or we call it as communicative functions. For example, modals can express feels something is permissible, advisable, necessary, advisable, possible, and in addition, they can convey the strength of those attitudes.

Remember : modal verbs are followed by an infinitive whitout ‘to’.

Example :

Example :

v  You must do it

v  You should study harder

v  There are a lot of apples in the fridge. You need not buy any

Exception : you ought to go to the dentist.

7.   Adjective –ing VS –ed

In order not to be confused in catching yhe undelying meaning of adjective derived from the present participle ( verb-ing ) and past participle ( verb-3 / verb ending with-ed ) study the following guideline.

If something is –ing it make us –ed

Ø  Ben is amused because the cartoon is amusing

Ø  The cartoon is amusing so ben is amused. ( not ben is amusing )

8.  Subject and verb agreement

It is important to identify a subject and use the correct verb whit it. Subject/verb agreement is : the subject and verb must agree in number : both must be singular, or both must be plural.

Example :

He and his friends are nt the fair

The dictionary or the calculator is in the drawer.

9.  Linking verbs

Linking verb are words that are used to connect subject and predicate in a sentence. These are the example of linking verb : appear, feel, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn.

Example :

      Her daughter becomes a doctor

      My father grows old

chapter 3

Chapter 3

1.  Describing some one

When we ask someone’s height, weight, age, we ussualy use the question words “how” or “what”. To describe person’s height, weight, or age, we sometimes have to give the exact measurement.

See these examples below.

A : how tall are you ?

B : I’m 1.70 meters tall.

A : what’s your weight ?

B : my weight is 50 kilo grams.

When we don’t know for sure the exact measurement, we may describe someone by distinguishing features using following physical and non-physical appearances :

v  Body : tall, short, fat, thin.

v  Age : young, old.

v  Face : oval, round, dimple.

v  Hair : black, gray, short, blonde.

v  Eyes : brown, black , blue, slight.

v  Nose : flat, pointer, fairly.

v  Maunth : thin lips, full lips.

v  Chin : pointer, firm, weak.

v  Ears : big, small.

v  Forehead : high, low.

v  Shoulders : narrow, broad.

v  Physical appearance : handsome, beautifull, ugly, cute, sweet.

v  Non-physical appearences : humorous.

2.  Nationality

There many countries, language and natipnalities around the word. All country names are unique. They are not similar to languages or nationality names are often, but not always similar. For example :

French – the language , and America-the nationality are not the same in the case of the united states. Look at the following sentence .

-          Luna comes from the united states.

she is an America

she speaks English

3.  Profession

Many kinds of professions you can do based on your qualifications or skills, such as a doctor, a lawyer, an astronaut, a teacher, a web programmer.

4.  Synonyms

Synonyms are words or phrases which have the same or nearly the same meaning as other words or phrases in the same language : the words ‘ small’ and ‘ little’ are synonyms.

5.  Antonyms or opposites

An antonym is a word which means the opposite of another word. Antonyms ar also called opposites. Two opposites of ; liht’ are ‘dark’ and ‘heavy’.   

chapter 2

Chapter 2

1.  Telling the time and date

Asking the time	Showing the time
What’s the time now ?	It’s two o’clock
What time is it, please ?	It’s two ten/ten after two
Can you tell me the time, please ?	It’s two fifteen / a quarter past two
Do you have the time ?	It’s two thirty / a half past two
What time will the slow start ?	It’s two forty/ twenty to three
Can you tell me what time is it ?	It’s ten to three

Asking the date	Telling the date
What time do you wake up ?	It is February the third
Pardon me, what’s the date today ?	My birthday is on February the tenth.
When is the meeting ?	I would like to reserve the room from Tuesday to Friday
When is the party ?	Tomorrow will be march the first
What time does the train leave ?	We will have a meeting next Monday
When is my appointment with Mr. Rowland ?	I’ll reschedule the booking to Sunday, the fourth oh june.
Is today 14th or 15th ?

2.  Numbers

Numbers can be divided into two : cardinal numbers ( gives information about ‘ how many ‘ ) and oridinal numbers ( show the order or position in series instead of quantity ).

Example :

Mr. Evan has four children, the first is andi, the second is Susy, the third is ricky, and the fourth is Roy. ‘four’ is the cardinal number, whilst ‘the first’ , ‘the second’ , ‘ the third’ , ‘ the fourth ‘ , are the oridinal numbers.

3.  Plurals form

Plurals form is used to some nouns are more than one.

Regular plurals :

Singular	Plural
Snake	Snakes
Window	Windows
Box	Boxes
Boy	Boys
Lorry	Lorries
Potato	Potatoes
Knife	Knives

Irregular plurals :

singular	Plural
Fish	Fish
Sheep	Sheep
Barracks	Barracks
Foot	Feet
Tooth	Teeth
Goose	Geese
Tooth	Teeth
Goose	Geese
Child	Children
Man	Men
Woman	Women
Person	People
Mouse	Mice

4.  Describing something

When we want to describe something, we need to use adjectives. These are some kind of adjectives that classify inti each heading :

o   Adjective of color : red, white, black, purple, blue, green, yellow.

o   Adjective of quality : good, beautifull, nice , poor, fine.

o   Adjective of size : big, small, little, short, tall.

o   Adjective of shape ; round, oval, squard, thin, slim, fat.

o   Adjective of age : old, new, young.

o   Adjective of origin :   Indonesian, American, chinese, French.

o   Adjective of material :  gold, wooden, metal.

The used of adjectives orderly to describe something in the sentence for example :

o    An old wooden chair. ( chair as the noun/head word to be describes )

o   An expensive slim new square black handphone . ( hand phone as the noun/head word to be describes ).