Senin, 04 Februari 2013

Conditional Sentence


CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional Sentence (=Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan.Kalimat pengandaian terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu man clause (induk kalimat) dan if clause (anak kalimat). Dalam if clause terkandung syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti terkandung dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Oleh karena itu, conditional sentences disebut juga kalimat bersyarat. Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu real conditional (nyata) dan unreal/ contrary to fact (tidak nyata).
Conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali olehif maka disebut if clause.
b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc.pada pokok kalimat (main clause).
Ada beberapa tipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu:
Type I: Future Conditional
Type II: Present Conditional
3. Type III: Past Conditional
1. Type I: Future Conditional
Kalimat ini mengungkapkan kejadian yang diharapkan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk terjadi. (probable condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Verb (present), S + future tense
atau
subjek + future tense, if + subjek + future tense
Contoh:
If she comes, I will give her the message.
If you study hard, you will pass the final exam.
If she wins the competition, they will give her a gold medal.
He will not go to the picnic, if it rains.
5. If we arrive late, she will be angry with us.
2. Type II: Present Conditional
Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi sekarang tetapi tidak terjadi.(Improbable condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Verb 2 / were + S + would + Verb1
If + S + V2, Subject + Past Future
Contoh:
If she visited me, I would give her money.
2. 2. If I had enough time, I would go fishing.
If you were a sugar, I would be a ant.
If Natasha Rizky were my girlfriend, I would be the happiest boy in the world.
If he smokes less, he wouldn’t cough so much.
Catatan:
Pada tipe ini, to be untuk semua subyek pada IF clause adalah WERE.
3. Type III : Past Conditional
Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi di waktu lampau, tetapi tidak terjadi.(impossible condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Past Perfect +, S + Past perfect future + Verb 3
Subject + Past perfect future, if + Subjek + Past Perfect + V3
Contoh:
If he had studied hard, he would have passed the final exam.
If the team had played well, it would have won the competition.
If Alter Bridge had been here, I would have been very happy.
If you had come to my house, you would have met me.

Question Tag


QUESTION TAG

Pengertian Question Tag
§  Question tag adalah pertanyaan yang ditambahkan di akhir kalimat (baik kalimat positif maupun negatif).
§  Seperti idiomquestion tag merupakan bagian yang sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari seorang native speaker. Walaupun grammar,pronounciation, dan intonation-nya baik, seseorang dapat mudah dikenali bukan sebagai native speaker, jika tidak menggunakan question tag.
§  Pada umumnya question tag digunakan untuk menanyakan informasi atau meminta persetujuan.
Contoh question tag:
§  You love math, don’t you? (Kamu suka matematika kan?)
§  You don’t love math, do you? (Kamu tidak suka matematika kan?)

Pembentukan Question Tag
Berdasarkan general rule (aturan umum) positive question tag dapat mengikuti negative sentence (kalimat negatif). Begitu pula sebaliknya,  negative question tag dapat mengikuti positive sentence (kalimat positif).Question tag terdiri dari main verb (jika tanpa auxiliary) atau auxiliary verb yang pertama (jika terdiri dari main verb dan satu atau lebih auxiliary) dan subjek (pronounyang diambil dari kalimat utama.

negative sentence, positive question tag
negative sentence, positive question tag
Ahmad didn’t come late, did he?
(Ahmad tidak datang terlambat kan?)
Ahmad came late, didn’t he?
(Ahmad datang terlambat kan?)
The man isn’t stingy, is he?
(Pria tsb tidak pelit kan?)
The man is stingy, isn’t he?
(Pria tsb pelit kan?)
You haven’t finished your homework, have you?
(Kamu belum menyelesaikan PR-mu kan?)
You have finished your homework, haven’t you?
(Kamu telah menyelesaikan PR-mu kan?)
They won’t attend the seminar, will they?
(Mereka tidak akan menghadiri seminar kan?)
They will attend the seminar, won’t they?
(Mereka akan menghadiri seminar kan?)

Intonasi pada Question Tag
Kembali pada tujuan dari penggunaan question tag, yaitu: menanyakan informasi atau meminta persetujuan. Ketika menggunakannya untuk menanyakan informasi, posisi speaker adalah tidak tahu apakah informasi tersebut benar atau salah. Pada kondisi tersebut, question tag diberi penekanan dengan intonasi naik (rising intonation). Sebaliknya, ketika tag ini digunakan untuk meminta persetujuan, berarti speaker yakin bahwa informasi yang diketahui benar. Pada saat speaker hanya mengharapkan jawaban yang mendukung keyakinannya tersebut, question tag dilafalkan tanpa penekanan, dengan intonasi turun (falling intonation).
Contoh:
You didn’t drink alcohol, did you? (Kamu tidak minum alkohol kan?)
§  Jika speaker tidak tahu apakah lawan bicaranya minum alkohol dan dia ingin tahu jawabannya, question tag diberi penekanan dengan intonasi naik.
§  Jika speaker hanya ingin tahu bahwa lawan bicaranya tidak minum alkohol dan hanya mengharapkan penegasan, question tag tanpa penekanan dengan intonasi turun.

Lebih Banyak Contoh Question Tag
Beberapa dari contoh question tag berikut mungkin tidak terlalu mengikuti general rule sehingga mungkin agak membingungkan.

Contoh
Keterangan
Contoh
I’m right, aren’t I?
spoken English
Everything is nice, isn’t it?
I’m right, am I not?
formal English
Let’s go now, shall we?
Everybody like him, don’t they?
digunakan they sebagai gender neuter pronoun.
Don’t speak, will you?
Nothing is impossible, is it?
Nothing= no thing, sehingga kalimat menjadi negatif,
maka question tag-nya positif.
This/that is his bag, isn’t it?
Nobody came late, did they?
Nobody= no body, sehingga kalimat menjadi negatif,
maka question tag-nya positif. Digunakan they sebagai gender neuter pronoun.
These/those are your tools, aren’t they?
You will never regret it, will you?
Never= not ever, sehingga kalimat menjadi negatif,
maka question tag-nya positif.
There is an old house, isn’t there?

Minggu, 13 Januari 2013

How to learn english


How to learn english


1.     Listen to the song Speak English

By listening to songs in English, then you will be familiar with words that use the English language will also sing English.

2.     Reading textbooks

by reading textbooks we can know the contents of the book. and to understand the purpose of the book.

3.    Read English Dictionary

Learn the vocabulary or the meaning of words contained in the English dictionary and may be able to assist you in learning  English.

4.  Watch movies BerbahasaInggris

Try if you watch a movie, watch a movie with the English language so that you can better understand what is being talked about by the cast of characters.

Selasa, 04 Desember 2012

chapter 4


Chapter 4

1.     Expressing regets and apologis

Regreeting and apologizing
Accepting apologies
I’m sorry. I don’t know
That’s all right
I’m terribly sorry. I forget
Never mind
I’m so sorry
That’s okay
I’m really sorry
Please don’t worry
I’m sorry to hear about that
It doesn’t matter at all
Oh, please excuse me

Oh, that’s too had


2.   Expressing sympathy

Ø  I’ sorry to hear about that
Ø  Oh, that’s too bad
Ø  What a same
Ø  That’s a same
Ø  That’s a pity
Ø  How terribbe
Ø  What a nuisanc


3.  Expressions of asking and responding to permissions

Asking permissions
Giving permissions
Declining
May I borrow your pen please ?
Yes please do
I’m sorry you can’t
Can I use your phone, please ?
Sure
Oh, I’m sorry , but that’s not possible
Will you join with us ?
Okay
I’m afraid, but you can’t
Could you lend me some money ?
All right
No, please don’t
Would you open the door please ?
Of course

Is it okay if I sit here ?
Please feel free

Do you mind if I smoke ?


Would you mind if I asked you something ?



4.  Expressions of making and responding to request

Making request
Responding
Can you show me your photo album, please ?
Sure here you are
Wiil you lend me your computer , please /
Okay
Could you possibly show me the way to the bookstore, please ?
No, I’m sorry I need it
Would you help me whit this homework, please ?
I’m afraid I can’t
Would you mind lending me your memory card, please ?


5.   Expressions of making and responding to offers

Making offers
accepting
Declining
Can I help you ?
Yes please, I’d like to
It’s OK, I can do it my self
Shall I turn on the lamp for you ?
That would be very kind if you
Don’t worry, I’ll do it
Would you like another cup of the hot chocolate ?
Yes, please that would be lovely.
No, thank
Would you like me to clean board ?
Yes please, I’d love to
No, thank you
How about a soft drink
If you wouldn’t mind


If you could


Thank you , that would be great


6.  Modals

Modals ( also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries ) are special verbs  which behave irregularly in English . they are used to express speakers’ attitudes or we call it as communicative functions. For example, modals can express feels something is permissible, advisable, necessary, advisable, possible, and in addition, they can convey the strength of those attitudes.
Remember : modal verbs are followed by an infinitive whitout ‘to’.

Example :
Example :
v  You must do it
v  You should study harder
v  There are a lot of apples in the fridge. You need not buy any
Exception : you ought to go to the dentist.

7.   Adjective –ing VS –ed

In order not to be confused in catching yhe undelying meaning of adjective derived from the present participle ( verb-ing ) and past participle ( verb-3 / verb ending with-ed ) study the following guideline.
If something is –ing it make us –ed
Ø  Ben is amused because the cartoon is amusing
Ø  The cartoon is amusing so ben is amused. ( not ben is amusing )

8.  Subject and verb agreement

It is important to identify a subject and use the correct verb whit it. Subject/verb agreement is : the subject and verb must agree in number : both must be singular, or both must be plural.
Example :
He and his friends are nt the fair
The dictionary or the calculator is in the drawer.

9.  Linking verbs

Linking verb are words that are used to connect subject and predicate in a sentence. These are the example of linking verb : appear, feel, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn.
Example :
*      Her daughter becomes a doctor
*      My father grows old